Credit in a Tiered Payments System
نویسندگان
چکیده
Payments systems are typically characterized by some degree of tiering, with upstream firms (clearing agents) providing settlement accounts to downstream institutions that wish to clear and settle payments indirectly in these systems (indirect clearers). Clearing agents provide their indirect clearers with an essential input (clearing and settlement services), while also competing directly with them in the retail market for payment services. The authors construct a model of a clearing agent with an indirect clearer to examine the clearing agent’s incentives to lever off its upstream position to gain a competitive advantage in the retail payment services market. The model demonstrates that a clearing agent can attain this competitive advantage by raising the indirect clearer’s costs, but that the incentive to raise these costs is mitigated by credit risk to the clearing agent from the provision of uncollateralized overdrafts to its indirect clearer. The results suggest that tiered payments systems, which require clearing agents to provide overdraft facilities to their indirect clearers, may result in a more competitive retail payment services market. JEL classification: G21, L12, L13, L22 Bank classification: Financial institutions; Financial services; Market structure and pricing; Payment, clearing, and settlement systems Résumé Les systèmes de paiement sont généralement caractérisés à des degrés divers par le principe de la participation à plusieurs niveaux, où des firmes en amont (les agents de compensation) fournissent des comptes de règlement à des institutions en aval (les sous-adhérents) qui désirent faire compenser et régler indirectement des paiements par l’intermédiaire de ces systèmes. Les agents de compensation apportent une contribution essentielle aux sous-adhérents (des services de compensation et de règlement), tout en se trouvant en concurrence directe avec ces derniers sur le marché des services de paiement au détail. Les auteurs élaborent un modèle faisant intervenir un agent de compensation et un sous-adhérent, afin d’examiner la motivation du premier à mettre à profit sa position d’institution en amont pour se donner un avantage concurrentiel sur le marché des services de paiement au détail. Le modèle démontre qu’un agent de compensation peut acquérir cet avantage en augmentant les coûts imposés au sous-adhérent, mais que sa motivation à hausser ces coûts est restreinte par le risque de crédit auquel il s’expose du fait qu’il consent des découverts non garantis aux sous-adhérents. Les résultats de l’étude portent à croire que les systèmes de paiement à participation par paliers, qui obligent les agents de règlement à accorder
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